1 The concept and characteristics of smart grid According to the overall definition of the International Electrotechnical Commission IEC: The smart grid is the performance of the modernization of the power grid. It integrates the power supply and users in the power grid through electricity and information technology, which means a fully automated power supply network. Each of these users and nodes is monitored in real time and ensures the two-way flow of current and information at every point from the power plant to the customer premises equipment. The smart grid ensures a seamless connection and real-time interaction between members of the grid and real-time market transactions through the extensive application of distributed intelligence and broadband communications, as well as the integration of automatic control systems.
Although countries have different priorities and goals for smart grid construction based on their own national conditions, smart grid construction is driven by market, security, power quality, and environmental factors. Its characteristics can be summarized as follows: self-healing, compatibility, interaction, and coordination. , high efficiency, high quality, integration.
2 Key Technologies of Smart Grid 2.1 The first-class smart grid requires first-class construction, first-class construction requires first-class planning, and first-rate planning requires first-class standards. Establish a strong and flexible network topology The strong and flexible grid structure is the foundation of the future smart grid. The layout of energy distribution and productivity in China is very unbalanced. In order to mitigate the adverse effects brought about by this status quo, China has carried out the construction of projects such as UHV networking projects, DC networking projects, point-to-point or point-to-network transmission projects. For example, in recent years, China has successively built a 750kV high-voltage AC transmission project in Shanxi and a ±800kV Yunnan-Guangdong UHV DC transmission project in Yunnan, which solved the problem of unbalanced energy distribution and power supply to a certain extent. However, With the expansion of the scale of the power grid and the formation of the interconnected power grid, the security stability and vulnerability of the power grid are becoming more and more serious. The planning and design requirements for the main grid structure have also been correspondingly improved. The major power outages in Brazil in 2010 were Safe and stable operation of the power grid sounded the alarm. Only a flexible grid structure can respond to the impact of natural disasters and social disasters such as sudden and catastrophic events on grid security.
2.2 Achieving open, standard, and integrated communication systems The development of smart grids places higher demands on network security. Smart grids need the ability to monitor and analyze the current state of the system in real time: both the ability to identify early warning symptoms and the ability to identify them. The ability to respond to disturbances that have already occurred will extend the scope of coverage to cover all aspects and provide extended application support for grid operation and comprehensive management, not just the monitoring of grid equipment.
2.3 Equipped with advanced power electronic equipment Power electronic equipment can achieve power quality improvement and control, providing users with power quality to meet their specific needs of power, but they are also a key part of the energy conversion system, so power electronics technology in power generation, transmission, The entire process of distribution and use of electricity plays an important role. The power electronic devices used in modern power systems have almost all used fully-controlled high-power power electronic devices, various new high-performance multi-level high-power converter topologies, and DSP all-digital control technologies, including thyristor shunt reactors. Multi-functional solid-state switches, intelligent electronic devices, static synchronous compensators, active filters, dynamic voltage restorers, fault current limiters, and devices used in high-voltage direct current transmission and flexible transmission system devices for distribution networks.
2.4 Intelligent scheduling technology and wide-area protection system intelligent scheduling is an important part of smart grid construction. The intelligentization of scheduling is a major expansion of the existing dispatching control center functions. The smart grid scheduling technical support system is an intelligent scheduling research and construction. The core is the technological foundation for comprehensively enhancing the ability of the dispatch system to harness the large grid and optimize resource allocation, in-depth risk defense capabilities, scientific decision-making management capabilities, flexible and efficient regulation capabilities, and fair and friendly market deployment capabilities.
The ultimate goal of intelligent dispatching is to establish a new theory and new technology of network protection and emergency control integration based on wide-area synchronization information, coordination of power system component protection and control, regional stability control system, emergency control system, and disaggregation control system. The core of the intelligent dispatching of the integrated defense system with multiple security lines such as defense and restoration control systems is the online real-time decision-making and commanding. The goal is to prevent and control catastrophe and achieve prevention of large-scale cascading failures.
2.5 Side-by-side management of advanced meter reading systems and requirements The core of the smart grid is the integration of multiple energy sources with intelligent judgment and adaptive adjustment capabilities. Human network and distributed management intelligent network system can real-time monitor and collect power grid and user power consumption information, and use the most economical and safest power transmission and distribution methods to deliver power to end users, achieving the most energy Excellent configuration and utilization improve the reliability of grid operation and energy efficiency. Therefore, the intelligentization of the power grid first requires the power supply organization to accurately know the user's power consumption rules, so that there is a better balance between demand and supply.
Therefore, at present, the promotion of smart grid construction in foreign countries is generally based on the construction of advanced measurement systems. At the same time, the advanced meter reading system provides system-wide observability for the power system. Not only enables users to participate in the real-time power market, but also enables quicker and more accurate system responses such as remote monitoring, time-of-use pricing, and user-side management, and builds an intelligent user management and service system to realize the power companies and users. The basic two-way interactive management and service functions and the modernization of marketing management.
With the development of technology, smart meters in the future may also be used as Internet routers to promote the power sector to use its end-users as the basis for communications, broadband services, or the integration of broadcast television signals.
2.6 Advanced Distribution Automation Advanced distribution automation will include the system's monitoring and control, power distribution system management functions, and user interaction. To this end, advanced distribution automation requires more sophisticated control systems.
(1) All elements of the system must be within an open communication architecture and have the ability to work together; (2) Local distributed control via distributed computing will be used; (3) Use of sensors, communication systems, and distributed computing The main body reacts quickly to disturbances in the power exchange system to minimize its impact.
2.7 Access to Renewable Energy and Distributed Energy Distributed energy includes distributed generation and distributed energy storage. Among them, distributed generation technologies include micro-turbine technology, fuel cell technology, solar photovoltaic technology, wind power technology, and biomass. Energy generation technology, ocean energy generation technology, geothermal power generation technology, etc.; distributed energy storage devices include battery energy storage, superconducting energy storage, and flywheel energy storage. According to the "12th Five-Year Plan" power grid plan, China Southern Power Grid Corporation will vigorously support clean energy and renewable energy, accelerate the solution of new energy, renewable energy, and distributed integrated energy supply system effective access systems, and focus on promoting the development and utilization of offshore wind power. We will strive to achieve a total of 48% of non-fossil energy installed capacity in the Southern China Grid region at the end of the “Twelfth Five-Year Planâ€, with electricity generation accounting for about 43% of total electricity generation.
In China, the main development methods for wind power and solar power are in remote areas such as the desert and the Gobi Desert. However, they are geographically unevenly distributed and vulnerable to the weather. They are also volatile and intermittent and will be reliable. Because of the impact of power supply, the local power grid cannot adapt to the concentrated development and utilization of renewable energy. This requires solving the intermittent and uncertain problems of the large-scale development of renewable energy such as wind energy and solar energy, ensuring the scale of power access and long-distance transmission. This will be a major challenge for accessing various renewable energy sources and distributed energy sources.
Although countries have different priorities and goals for smart grid construction based on their own national conditions, smart grid construction is driven by market, security, power quality, and environmental factors. Its characteristics can be summarized as follows: self-healing, compatibility, interaction, and coordination. , high efficiency, high quality, integration.
2 Key Technologies of Smart Grid 2.1 The first-class smart grid requires first-class construction, first-class construction requires first-class planning, and first-rate planning requires first-class standards. Establish a strong and flexible network topology The strong and flexible grid structure is the foundation of the future smart grid. The layout of energy distribution and productivity in China is very unbalanced. In order to mitigate the adverse effects brought about by this status quo, China has carried out the construction of projects such as UHV networking projects, DC networking projects, point-to-point or point-to-network transmission projects. For example, in recent years, China has successively built a 750kV high-voltage AC transmission project in Shanxi and a ±800kV Yunnan-Guangdong UHV DC transmission project in Yunnan, which solved the problem of unbalanced energy distribution and power supply to a certain extent. However, With the expansion of the scale of the power grid and the formation of the interconnected power grid, the security stability and vulnerability of the power grid are becoming more and more serious. The planning and design requirements for the main grid structure have also been correspondingly improved. The major power outages in Brazil in 2010 were Safe and stable operation of the power grid sounded the alarm. Only a flexible grid structure can respond to the impact of natural disasters and social disasters such as sudden and catastrophic events on grid security.
2.2 Achieving open, standard, and integrated communication systems The development of smart grids places higher demands on network security. Smart grids need the ability to monitor and analyze the current state of the system in real time: both the ability to identify early warning symptoms and the ability to identify them. The ability to respond to disturbances that have already occurred will extend the scope of coverage to cover all aspects and provide extended application support for grid operation and comprehensive management, not just the monitoring of grid equipment.
2.3 Equipped with advanced power electronic equipment Power electronic equipment can achieve power quality improvement and control, providing users with power quality to meet their specific needs of power, but they are also a key part of the energy conversion system, so power electronics technology in power generation, transmission, The entire process of distribution and use of electricity plays an important role. The power electronic devices used in modern power systems have almost all used fully-controlled high-power power electronic devices, various new high-performance multi-level high-power converter topologies, and DSP all-digital control technologies, including thyristor shunt reactors. Multi-functional solid-state switches, intelligent electronic devices, static synchronous compensators, active filters, dynamic voltage restorers, fault current limiters, and devices used in high-voltage direct current transmission and flexible transmission system devices for distribution networks.
2.4 Intelligent scheduling technology and wide-area protection system intelligent scheduling is an important part of smart grid construction. The intelligentization of scheduling is a major expansion of the existing dispatching control center functions. The smart grid scheduling technical support system is an intelligent scheduling research and construction. The core is the technological foundation for comprehensively enhancing the ability of the dispatch system to harness the large grid and optimize resource allocation, in-depth risk defense capabilities, scientific decision-making management capabilities, flexible and efficient regulation capabilities, and fair and friendly market deployment capabilities.
The ultimate goal of intelligent dispatching is to establish a new theory and new technology of network protection and emergency control integration based on wide-area synchronization information, coordination of power system component protection and control, regional stability control system, emergency control system, and disaggregation control system. The core of the intelligent dispatching of the integrated defense system with multiple security lines such as defense and restoration control systems is the online real-time decision-making and commanding. The goal is to prevent and control catastrophe and achieve prevention of large-scale cascading failures.
2.5 Side-by-side management of advanced meter reading systems and requirements The core of the smart grid is the integration of multiple energy sources with intelligent judgment and adaptive adjustment capabilities. Human network and distributed management intelligent network system can real-time monitor and collect power grid and user power consumption information, and use the most economical and safest power transmission and distribution methods to deliver power to end users, achieving the most energy Excellent configuration and utilization improve the reliability of grid operation and energy efficiency. Therefore, the intelligentization of the power grid first requires the power supply organization to accurately know the user's power consumption rules, so that there is a better balance between demand and supply.
Therefore, at present, the promotion of smart grid construction in foreign countries is generally based on the construction of advanced measurement systems. At the same time, the advanced meter reading system provides system-wide observability for the power system. Not only enables users to participate in the real-time power market, but also enables quicker and more accurate system responses such as remote monitoring, time-of-use pricing, and user-side management, and builds an intelligent user management and service system to realize the power companies and users. The basic two-way interactive management and service functions and the modernization of marketing management.
With the development of technology, smart meters in the future may also be used as Internet routers to promote the power sector to use its end-users as the basis for communications, broadband services, or the integration of broadcast television signals.
2.6 Advanced Distribution Automation Advanced distribution automation will include the system's monitoring and control, power distribution system management functions, and user interaction. To this end, advanced distribution automation requires more sophisticated control systems.
(1) All elements of the system must be within an open communication architecture and have the ability to work together; (2) Local distributed control via distributed computing will be used; (3) Use of sensors, communication systems, and distributed computing The main body reacts quickly to disturbances in the power exchange system to minimize its impact.
2.7 Access to Renewable Energy and Distributed Energy Distributed energy includes distributed generation and distributed energy storage. Among them, distributed generation technologies include micro-turbine technology, fuel cell technology, solar photovoltaic technology, wind power technology, and biomass. Energy generation technology, ocean energy generation technology, geothermal power generation technology, etc.; distributed energy storage devices include battery energy storage, superconducting energy storage, and flywheel energy storage. According to the "12th Five-Year Plan" power grid plan, China Southern Power Grid Corporation will vigorously support clean energy and renewable energy, accelerate the solution of new energy, renewable energy, and distributed integrated energy supply system effective access systems, and focus on promoting the development and utilization of offshore wind power. We will strive to achieve a total of 48% of non-fossil energy installed capacity in the Southern China Grid region at the end of the “Twelfth Five-Year Planâ€, with electricity generation accounting for about 43% of total electricity generation.
In China, the main development methods for wind power and solar power are in remote areas such as the desert and the Gobi Desert. However, they are geographically unevenly distributed and vulnerable to the weather. They are also volatile and intermittent and will be reliable. Because of the impact of power supply, the local power grid cannot adapt to the concentrated development and utilization of renewable energy. This requires solving the intermittent and uncertain problems of the large-scale development of renewable energy such as wind energy and solar energy, ensuring the scale of power access and long-distance transmission. This will be a major challenge for accessing various renewable energy sources and distributed energy sources.
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