Basic concepts and characteristics of microwave communication

Microwave often refers to electromagnetic waves with a frequency above 1000 megahertz (MHz) (wavelength below 30 cm). Communication using microwave propagation is called microwave communication.

The propagation characteristics of microwaves are similar to the propagation of light. Generally, they propagate along a straight line, and the diffraction ability is very weak. Generally, communication within the line of sight is performed. For long-distance communication, the relay mode can be used, which is microwave relay communication, or microwave relay communication You can also use tropospheric propagation for communication, called tropospheric scatter communication; or use artificial satellites for forwarding, that is, satellite communication.

Features of microwave communication

The frequency bandwidth of the communication frequency band and the large transmission information capacity

The frequency band occupied by the microwave frequency band is about 300 GHz, and the sum of the frequency bands occupied by all the long-wave, medium-wave and short-wave bands is less than 30 MHz. A set of microwave relay communication equipment can accommodate thousands or even tens of thousands of voice channels to work at the same time, or transmit wideband signals such as TV image signals.

Stable and reliable communication

When the communication frequency is higher than 100MHz, industrial interference, natural electricity interference and sunspot activity have little effect on it. Due to the high frequency of microwave bands, these interferences have minimal impact on microwave communications. The digital microwave communication relay station can regenerate the digital signal, so that the digital microwave communication line noise does not accumulate on a station-by-station basis, increasing the immunity to interference. Therefore, microwave communication is relatively stable and reliable.

relay

When performing far-following communication on the ground, for the characteristics of microwave line-of-sight propagation and transmission loss increasing with distance, the relay method must be used, and the originating signal is forwarded multiple times by several intermediate stations to reach the receiving end.

Greater communication flexibility

Microwave relay communication adopts the relay mode, which can realize long-distance communication on the ground, and can cross special geographical environments such as swamps, rivers, and high mountains. In the event of disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and wars, it is easier to establish and transfer communications, and these aspects have greater flexibility than wired communications.

High antenna gain and strong directivity

When the antenna area is given, the antenna gain is inversely proportional to the square of the operating wavelength. Due to the short wavelength of microwave communication, the antenna size can be made very small, and it is usually made as a surface antenna with high gain and strong directivity. In this way, the output power of the microwave transmitter can be reduced, and the strong directivity of the microwave antenna can be used to direct the propagation direction of the microwave electromagnetic wave to the next receiving station, thereby reducing mutual interference in communication.

Low investment and fast construction

Compared with other wired communications, under the condition of basically the same communication capacity and quality, the construction cost of the microwave relay communication line is low and the construction period is short, calculated according to the kilometer of the communication path.

Digitizing

For digital microwave communication systems, microwave channels are used to transmit digital signals. Because the baseband signals are digital signals, they are called digital microwave communication systems.

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