The history of lighting in China has been nearly a century, and the history of urban lighting in China is only about a decade.
Before the 1990s, Chinese lighting mainly met visual function. Indoor and outdoor lighting were designed according to various lighting specifications. It is difficult to use artistic imagination to design aesthetics. The art design theory of lighting is also blank. In 1989, the architectural lighting designed by Shanghai Bund became the starting point of outdoor landscape lighting in China. In 1997, Hong Kong returned to Beijing, and Beijing launched a large-scale night lighting construction. As a result, China's urban landscape lighting flourished.
China's urban landscape lighting has experienced different stages such as the early enlightenment, rapid development period, and stable shock period. It is currently in the brewing adjustment period. Due to the rapid development of nightscape lighting construction in China and the lack of corresponding theoretical support, in the construction process, the night scenes of large and medium-sized cities are all a face, and problems such as wasting light pollution have been exposed.
[Expert Comments]
Ren Yuanhui: The city has landscape lighting, from the black of the past to the brightening of the night, this is an improvement. Each city has its own cultural symbols, such as Beijing's ancient architectural attractions such as the Forbidden City and the Summer Palace, Shanghai with the Bund and other ancient and modern landscapes. Other cities also have many representative landscapes, which bring people a wonderful experience. Landscape lighting gives the beauty of the landscape at night, which is also the expression of a regional culture. For example, a park is a place where citizens can relax during the day. At night, there is another scene, which is both lighting and art. A sculpture gives a different feeling during the day and night, which is a combination of technology and art. Lighting is such a magical thing. Landscape lighting interprets the lighting culture, lighting the city and beautifying the living environment. From the perspective of tourism and aesthetics, the night landscape reflects the development process of a city. Foreigners can also involuntarily praise our things. This is the spread and promotion of culture. But these wonderful enjoyments are not coming out of thin air. It requires the city to carry out its own night lighting planning. Only the premise of scientific planning can only have good projects, and only good projects can add color to the city.
Landscape lighting highlights urban culture
Culture is the accumulation of historical development. In the course of historical development, any country and region will inevitably form cultural differences due to historical changes, changes in geographical environment, and ethnic integration. It has geopolitical and differential characteristics. The culture is the regional culture. Different cultures in different regions interact and learn from each other, and the baptism with time leaves the essence.
The difference in regional culture has formed the particularity of culture in different regions. Therefore, different regions present different landscape cultures, which form the vitality of the city. Lighting is the most direct promoter of this vitality. Light is the means of illumination, light is the carrier of culture, landscape lighting is the expression of urban regional culture. While fully tapping regional culture, it extracts the genes of regional culture, and fully displays the regional characteristics through the depiction and expression of light means. Unique urban charm. At present, how to highlight the characteristics of regional culture through lighting has become the most urgent problem that lighting designers need to solve.
[Designer's comment]
Wang Wei: The cultural genre of the lighting itself is related to the related culture, such as urban culture, the design culture of the landscape ontology, and the culture of the surrounding environment. The landscape design emphasizes styles, such as bohemian style, Western European style, romantic style, Chinese style, etc. For landscape lighting, the lighting serves above these style carriers. Of course, it is not that the European style uses all European lamps. It needs to be integrated. The lighting culture should be a fusion and reflection of the relevant culture.
As a carrier of culture, lighting is first of all a service carrier. In addition, it is a thing that expresses individuality. Light can only reflect the connotation of culture under the premise of being a carrier. Lighting culture as a carrier manifests itself in two aspects: first, it has its own design culture; second, the lighting design culture depends on the landscape culture, or on the appearance of the building, or on the culture of the city.
Many people think that lighting is intangible, it is just the way the effect is expressed. In essence, the light is tangible, and it needs another tangible thing to embody. For example, in Europe, the classical architecture and garden lighting we see have visual impact, giving people a different feeling than China. Modern and classical differences are large and have obvious recognition, which requires designers to feel and absorb. . I personally think that to do urban landscape lighting design, we should first pay attention to the rationality of light use, and secondly, the appearance, when the two are well combined, we can better reflect the landscape lighting.
Landscape lighting and cultural integration
The integration of landscape lighting and regional culture, that is, light culture, uses light to express culture. Culture is abstract and intangible. Illumination is bright, multicolored, and visible. The light carrier of illumination is used to embody the connotation of culture and complement each other. Each city has its own historical sedimentation. Its axis, texture, skyline, various landscape architectures, historical monuments, sea road bridge vision, various artistic elements, etc. all have their own characteristics and imprints. The formation of the city's culture. Expressing culture means highlighting individuality. Individuality is the success of urban construction. Urban landscape lighting can achieve this goal.
The light environment experts shouted the importance of light culture and pointed out that light culture is an inevitable outcome of historical development and a comprehensive effect of promoting social and economic development. The cultural connotation of light culture has profound historical, obvious regional and obvious national characteristics. Light culture can derive light economic power, light spiritual power and light appeal.
[Expert Comments]
Li Nong: Landscape lighting design must demonstrate and highlight regional culture. Because different regions have different cultures, when you are lighting in a region, you should show something unique to this region. If you don't show it, there will be at least two problems. The first problem is that the design of the places you have made may become a thousand cities. If you can't feel the difference, then your work will lack features, and even failure. The second question is, from a functional point of view, how do you make different designs for different regions, and how to do it more appropriately. I think that starting with the expression of regional culture, we can better understand how to make it different, because Lighting is more than just a decoration. Functionally, it also has the meaning of a logo, which can help you identify a thing, a place, and a sign that also requires something specific to the area.
Landscape lighting is the heart of the city
Landscape lighting construction should pay attention to the planning and design of urban lighting while fully considering the urban culture. This includes the selection of lamps, the use of lighting methods, the accurate calculation of lighting time, the adjustment of color and color temperature, the distribution of urban structure, The natural conditions of the city, etc. From the overall planning of urban construction, from the partial highlighting of design features, this can achieve the function of decoration and marking. A city's landscape does not help identify places and directions, and that is a failure. Urban landscape lighting should show the uniqueness of the region and cannot be copied in a unified pattern. Many urban landscape lighting projects in China have successfully reflected their regional cultural characteristics, such as Beijing's Chang'an Street, Tiananmen Square, Shanghai's Bund, Oriental Pearl TV Station, Wuhan's Yangtze River Bridge, Guangzhou's Pearl River night scenery, etc., fully demonstrating their city night The image and charm form a unique city card.
[Expert Comments]
Li Guangyuan: On the whole, the current urban landscape lighting in China has done a good job. I have been in Beijing for a long time, but I still feel that Beijing's night scene is beautiful. In the past, our city lighting was confusing because there were no scientific planning and standards for using light. With the development of the economy and the progress of society, urban landscape lighting is constantly standardizing and continuously improving.
The night scene is a city window and business card. Beijing is an international metropolis that welcomes many foreign friends and travelers every day. The landscape during the day gives them a sense of grandeur. At night, the landscape gives them a mysterious charm, and the city is full of beauty. There are many ancient buildings in Beijing, but as more and more international events take place in Beijing, the ancient Beijing city is constantly emerging in modern style. I personally think that urban landscape lighting is the heart of the city. It can't be boringly beautiful. It must express the ancient and modern style of Beijing. It has to express the thickness of history and the grandeur of architecture.
When ancient architecture and modern architecture are in the same area, the lighting design must change from traditional style to modern style. If you suddenly present a modern lighting design over a traditional building, it will be very awkward. If you add a little modern factor to the traditional building, and then continue to transition, and finally present a modern style, then I can accept it comfortably.
Lighting, culture, energy saving
In the process of urban landscape lighting development, many cities have focused on lighting projects, highlighting the erosion of light and color, wasting electricity, and causing serious light pollution. Some of the landscape lighting in Suzhou is too bright and fancy, and road lighting is not up to standard. In the 1990s, China introduced relevant lighting standards, but only specified the minimum level of lighting, but did not specify the maximum limit. This cannot be the normative standard for guiding urban lighting construction.
The landscape lighting is gorgeous, and it can also give people a feeling of comfort, tranquility and quietness, bringing you the mystery and beauty of the night. Therefore, it is not the bright illumination that is the best illumination, the bright is bright, the dark is dark. In recent years, with the frequent occurrence of power shortages, the problem of light pollution has received more and more attention. The problem of lighting standards needs to be resolved. The issue of the payment of electricity charges is also subject to the relevant policies of the government.
[Expert Comments]
Ren Yuanhui: Nowadays, many landscape lightings are too fancy to highlight culture, but they ignore energy conservation and environmental protection. The state also paid attention to the waste phenomenon such as landscape lighting, and issued relevant documents to limit urban landscape lighting. How to achieve the perfect combination of technology and art, landscape and culture is a process that needs continuous improvement and continuous learning.
Li Guangyuan: I remember that the lighting design of the Summer Palace was called design by the American design company. The cost was 15 million yuan, but it was not used later. The reason was that the use of light exceeded the standard by 50 times. Under normal circumstances, it is normal to use twice the light to exceed the standard, which is acceptable. From the point of view of satisfying the illuminance, the surrounding lights with the bezel and the decorative lights are unnecessary, but from the decorative point of view, the use of these lamps is necessary. However, according to the previous lighting standards, the illumination of the decorative part is definitely exceeded. Therefore, this is a difficult problem in the future. If you choose low-power LED lamps, you may be able to meet the requirements. If you use a lot of energy-saving lamps and fluorescent lamps, it will not work.
[Designer's comment]
Yuan Zongnan: The issues of concern in lighting design can not only end in design today, but must have a more macro perspective to coexist with the environment, such as the burden of lighting design on the environment, from the design environment, to the topic must be small to the details The impact of the whole earth, the review may have positive and negative impacts. As we look for alternatives to energy, changing our thinking patterns will be the quickest way. For example, Australia responded to environmental protection in 2007. The effect of turning off the lights for one night was remarkable. The amount of energy saved for the earth was considerable, but it was not negatively taught that we should not use energy, but use the earth resources more correctly and appropriately. If we use lighting design to assess the relationship between culture, society, history and local culture, the past, etc., we can find that the wisdom of China's 5,000-year-old ancestors and the five elements of China's ancestors are the best examples of symbiosis with the earth. . Nowadays, with the exhaustion of energy, global warming is invading us. The trade-off between energy saving and aesthetics will test the wisdom of all designers.
Guest:
Ren Yuanhui Honorary Director of the Interior Lighting Committee of the China Lighting Society
Li Nong, Director, Urban Lighting Planning and Design Institute, Beijing University of Technology
Li Guangyuan, Deputy Chief Engineer, Beijing Residential Building Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd.
Yuan Zongnan Yuan Zongnan Lighting Design Office Design Director
Wang Wei, Director of the Mechanical and Electrical Department of China Architecture Beijing Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd.
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